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They didn't have the same notions of "white" back then as we do today. From an American perspective, we consider all of those European countries to be "similar" because they're all white. But to those countries, they couldn't be more separate. Look at how Balkans treat eachother today. Genetically similar from our PoV but they treat eachother like they're subhuman filth. The notion that their skin color was a unifying force to Europeans is a modern contrivance and an historically inaccurate one. Romans treated Germans and Britains like garbage the same as they treated the Jews and Carthaginians. If you go to Europe and try to talk about race in the sense of skin color, you'll get confusing looks. A Frenchman does not think they have anything in common with an Englishman. Similarly you'd consider Asians to be a monolith too but to them they couldn't be any different. Japanese treated Korean and Chinese like subhumans for example. There's no real racial monolithic trait that extends beyond borders to be honest. In Africa, they're "all black" yet there are still individual groups genociding other individual groups over their differences. Humans will find some fucking reason to slaughter eachother. Even in a world where we are all blond hair, blue eye, white skin. People will find some other new trait to stratify a hierarchy over, maybe nose shape, body hair amount, or some other thing.

As an example of how modern day racial theories differ from historical facts is that Ancient Persians for example were "white" by today's standards going by skin color, maybe slightly tanned but not any more than Greeks were given they are both in a similar region with similar sun exposure. Iran (modern day Persia) encompasses the Caucasus mountain range from which the term Caucasian is derived. And if you Google search Pashtun people who are from modern day Afghanistan, you'll see many of the have blond and red hair, blue and green eyes and their lineage is not European but from that Indo-Iranian area.